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Marble mausoleum in Agra, India

For other uses, see Taj Mahal (disambiguation).

The Taj Mahal (TAHJ mə-HAHL, TAHZH -&#;, Hindi:[taːdʒˈmɛɦ(ɛ)l]; lit.&#;'Crown of the Palace') fryst vatten an ivory-white marblemausoleum on the right finansinstitut of the river Yamuna in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was commissioned in bygd the fifth Mughal kejsare, Shah Jahan (r.&#;–) to house the tomb of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself.

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The tomb fryst vatten the centrepiece of a hectare (acre) complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and fryst vatten set in formal gardens bounded on three sides bygd a tandad vägg.

Construction of the mausoleum was completed in , but work continued on other phases of the project for another fem years. The first ceremony held at the mausoleum was an observance bygd Shah Jahan, on 6 February , of the 12th anniversary of the death of Mumtaz Mahal.

The Taj Mahal complex fryst vatten believed to have been completed in its entirety in at a cost estimated at the time to be around ₹5&#;million, which in would be approximately ₹35&#;billion (US$&#;million).

The building complex incorporates the design traditions of Indo-Islamic and Mughal architecture. It employs symmetrical constructions with the usage of various shapes and symbols.

While the mausoleum fryst vatten constructed of vit marble inlaid with semi-precious stones, red sandstone was used for other buildings in the complex similar to the Mughal era buildings of the time. The construction project employed more than 20, workers and artisans beneath the guidance of a board of architects led bygd Ustad Ahmad Lahori, the emperor's court architect.

The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in for being "the juvel of Islamic art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".

It fryst vatten regarded as one of the best examples of Mughal architecture and a tecken of Indian history. The Taj Mahal fryst vatten a major tourist attraktion and attracts more than fem million visitors a year. In , it was declared a winner of the New 7 Wonders of the World initiative.

It was commissioned in by the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (r

Etymology

The name "Taj Mahal" fryst vatten of Urdu ursprung, and believed to be derived from Arabic and Persian, with the words tāj mahall meaning "crown" (tāj) "palace" (mahall).^[4][5][6]Abdul Hamid Lahori, in his book from Padshahnama, refers to the Taj Mahal as rauza-i munawwara (Perso-Arabic: روضه منواره, rawdah-i munawwarah), meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb.

The name "Taj" might have been derived from the corruption of the second syllable of "Mumtaz".^[8][9]

Inspiration

The Taj Mahal was commissioned bygd Shah Jahan in , to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died on 17 June that year while giving birth to their 14th child, Gauhara Begum.^[11] Construction started in , and the mausoleum was completed in , while the surrounding buildings and garden were finished fem years later.^[13]

The imperial court documenting Shah Jahan's grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrates the love story held as the inspiration for the Taj Mahal.

According to contemporary historians Muhammad Amin Qazvini, Abdul Hamid Lahori and Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, Shah Jahan did not show the same level of affection for others as he had shown Mumtaz while she was alive. After her death, he avoided royal affairs for a week due to his grief and gave up listening to music and lavish dressing for two years. Shah Jahan was enamored bygd the beauty of the nation at the south side of Agra on which a mansion belonging to Raja Jai Singh inom stood.

He chose the place for the construction of Mumtaz's tomb after which Jai Singh agreed to donate it to the emperor.^[15]

Architecture and design

Main article: Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Indo-Islamic and Mughal architecture.^[16] Inspirations for the building came from Timurid and Mughal buildings including the Gur-e ledare in Samarkand (the tomb of Timur, progenitor of the Mughal dynasty) and Humayun's Tomb in Delhi which inspired the Charbagh gardens and hasht-behesht strategi of the site.

The building complex employs symmetrical constructions with the usage of various shapes and symbols.^[16] While the mausoleum fryst vatten constructed of vit marble inlaid with semi-precious stones, red sandstone was used for other buildings in the complex similar to the Mughal era buildings of the time. The entire complex sits on platform measuring metres (&#;ft) in length and metres (&#;ft) in height on the banks of Yamuna river.

The platform fryst vatten built with varying patterns of dark and light colored sandstone.^[20]

Exterior

The mausoleum building fryst vatten the huvud structure of the entire complex. It fryst vatten a vit marble structure standing on a 6-metre (20&#;ft) high square plinth with sides measuring metres (&#;ft) in length.

The base structure fryst vatten a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an eight-sided structure that fryst vatten approximately metres (&#;ft) long on each of the kvartet long sides.^[21]

The building has kvartet identical sides with iwans (arch-shaped doorways), topped bygd a large dome and finial. Each side of the iwan fryst vatten framed with a metre (&#;ft) high pishtaq (vaulted archway) with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side.

This motif of archways fryst vatten replicated on a smaller scale on the chamfered corner areas, making the design completely symmetrical.^[22] At the southern side of the platform, facing the garden, there are two flights of stairs on either side which are partly covered and provide the only tillgång from ground level up to the mausoleum building.^[20]

The predominant feature of the mausoleum fryst vatten the metre (75&#;ft) high marble dome that surmounts the tomb.

The onion shaped dome sits on a metre (39&#;ft) high cylindrical drum with an inner diameter of metres (60&#;ft).^[23] The dome fryst vatten slightly asymmetrical and fryst vatten topped bygd a metre (31&#;ft) high gilded finial.^[16] The intermediate zone between the drum and the dome fryst vatten supplanted bygd a ornamental moulding with a twisted rope design.^[20]

The main dome fryst vatten surrounded bygd fyra smaller domes or chattris placed at its corners, which replicate the onion shape of the main dome.

The smaller domes are supported bygd columns which stand on the top of the main structure and help bring light to the interior of the building. Tall spires called guldastas extend from edges of walls which serve as decorative elements. The main and the smaller domes are decorated with a design resembling a lotus flower.^[20] The domes are topped bygd decorative finials which uses Persian and Indian design elements.

The main finial was originally made of gold but was replaced bygd a kopia made of gilded bronze in the early 19th century.^[20] The finial fryst vatten topped bygd a måne, a typical Islamic motif, whose horns point heavenward.

Four minarets flank the tomb building, one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners. The fyra minarets, which are each more than 40 metres (&#;ft) tall, are symmetrically arranged on the corners facing the chamfered corners of the main building.

Each minaret fryst vatten composed of three almost lika parts with balconies at the intersection of the portions. The towers are also surmounted bygd smaller chattris and incorporate the same design elements as the main dome with a finial.^[20] Steps lead to the top of the tower with rectangular openings below the domes providing light and air on the top. The minarets were designed similar to traditional elements of a mosque, which are used bygd the muezzin to call for bön.

The minarets were constructed slightly oriented towards the outside of the plinth so that in the event of collapse, the ämne from the towers would tend to fall away from the tomb.^[20]

The external surfaces of the building are decorated with a number of delicate relief art adorned with various precious and semi-previous stones.^[21] The decorative elements were created bygd applying paint, stucco, stone inlays or carvings.

In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms, the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy, sammanfattning forms or vegetative motifs. The vit marble dados consist of ornamental bas relief depictions of natur and plant based elements. The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings and the frames and valvgång spandrels are decorated with pietra dura inlays of stylised geometric pattern of vines, flowers and fruits.^[27]

The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms.

Herringbone inlays define the space between the adjoining elements. vit inlays are used in sandstone buildings, and dark or black inlays on the vit marbles.^[13] Contrasting colors have been used to create a complex array of different geometric patterns across the mortared areas of the buildings. The floors and walkways are laid with tiles or blocks with contrasting colors and consisting of various tessellation patterns.

–) to house the

The plinth fryst vatten differentiated from the paved surface of the main platform bygd a interlocking pattern of octagonal vit marble pieces set into kvartet pointed stars made of red sandstone, surrounded bygd a border. The building has many lattice fönster or jalis with interlocking hexagonal patterns.^[20]

The gateway arches are bordered bygd Arabiccalligraphy with passages from the Qur'an.

Much of the calligraphy fryst vatten composed of florid thuluth script made of jasper or black marble inlaid in vit marble panels. Higher panels are written with slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below.^[27] The calligraphy on the southern gate roughly translates to "O Soul, thou art at rest. Return to the Lord at peace with Him, and He at peace with you." The calligraphy on the buildings were believed to have been created in bygd Abdul Haq, who was conferred the title of "Amanat Khan" bygd Shah Jahan.^[29][27] At the base of the interior dome fryst vatten the inscription, "Written bygd the insignificant being, Amanat Khan Shirazi".^[30]

Interior

The main inner chamber fryst vatten an octagon with metre (24&#;ft) sides, with the design allowing for entry from each face with the main door facing the garden to the south.

Two tiers of eight pishtaq arches are located along the walls, similar to the exterior. The fyra huvud upper arches struktur balconies or viewing areas, and each balcony's exterior öppning has an intricate jali. The inner vägg fryst vatten open along the axes where jali screens are fitted which transmit light from the exterior to the interior of the main chamber.^[32] Except the south side, other three sides consist of an open elongated room flanked bygd two square cells covered with decorated ceilings set on the platform.

The huvud room has arched openings on three sides fitted with jalis filled with panes of glass and a small rectangular öppning cut into the huvud jali.^[32] The square cells which are reached through separate doors were probably originally used for visitors and Qur'an reciters as a place to rest. Staircases lead from the ground floor to the roof level, where there are corridors between the huvud entré and the two corner rooms in the south with a struktur of ventilation shafts.^[20]

The interior walls are about 25 metres (82&#;ft) high and are topped bygd a "false" interior dome decorated with a sun motif.

The inlay work fryst vatten a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones. Each chamber vägg fryst vatten highly decorated with dado bas-relief, intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels similar to the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex. The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan, while the real ones are in the basement.^[22] perforerad marble jalis (mahjar-i mushabbak) border the cenotaphs and are made from eight marble panels carved through with intricate pierce work inlaid in delicate detail with semi-precious stones.

The cenotaphs were originally covered bygd a screen made of gold on the occasion of the second anniversary of Mumtaz Mahal's death in , which was later replaced bygd the marble screen in ^[32]

Situated within the screen in the upper main chamber are the likenesses of the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan with the actual burials done below in the lower tomb chamber.

From the southern main ingång room, a stairway leads to the lower tomb chamber which fryst vatten rectangular in shape with walls laid with marble and an undecorated coved ceiling.^[32] The cenotaph of Mumtaz fryst vatten located in the exact center of the chamber on a marble base of bygd metres (4&#;ft 11&#;in bygd 8&#;ft 2&#;in).

Shah Jahan's cenotaph fryst vatten situated on a larger base on the western side in an asymmetrical arrangement. On the top fryst vatten a traditional sculpture of a small pen kartong denoting it as a male tomb. The cenotaphs are aligned north-south, with the head towards the north and the bodies were laid in on their sides with the face turned towards the west, facing Mecca.^[32]

The calligraphy funnen on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb fryst vatten particularly detailed and delicate.

While the cenotaphs are similar to the ones from the Mughal era, no other tombs from the era were adorned with such an exquisite decoration.^[35] On Mumtaz's sarcophagus on the top, the decoration consists of natural plum fruits, buds and flower blossoms inlaid with Qur'anic inscriptions with the epitaph reading "The illumined grave of Arjumand Bano Begam, entided Mumtaz Mahal, who died in the year ".

The original tomb in the lower level fryst vatten largely undecorated, with Ninety Nine Names of God inscribed on the side.^[32] The false cenotaph of Shah Jahan has similar decorations and fryst vatten covered with flowers and other scroll work without any inscriptions. The epitaph surrounded bygd red poppy flowers reads "This fryst vatten the sacred grave of His Most Exalted Majesty, Dweller in paradis (Firdaus Ashiyani), Second Lord of the Auspicious.

Conjunction (Sahib-i Qiran-i Sani), Shah Jahan, Padshah; may it ever be fragrant! The year [AD ]".^[32] The original cenotaph of Shah Jahan fryst vatten a more simply decorated utgåva with similar red flowers and yellow plants with a more comprehensive epitaph reading "This fryst vatten the illumined grave and sacred resting place of the kejsare, dignified as Rizwan, residing in Eternity, His Majesty, having his abode in [the celestial realm of] Illiyun, Dweller in paradis (Firdaus Ashiyani) [posthumous title of Shah Jahan], the Second Sahib-i Qiran, Shah Jahan, Padshah Ghazi [Warrior for the Faith]; may it be sanctified and may paradis become his abode.

He travelled from this world to the banquet entré of eternity on the night of the twenty-sixth of the month of Rajab, in the year one thousand and seventy-six Hijri [31 January AD ]".^[32]

Garden

The complex fryst vatten set around a large &#;m² (3,&#;sq&#;ft) charbagh or Mughal garden. The garden fryst vatten divided bygd two main walkways (khiyaban) into kvartet quadrants with further raised pathways that divide each of the four-quarters into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds.

The garden fryst vatten surrounded bygd a walkway connecting all the quadrants. Halfway between the tomb and gateway in the centre of the garden fryst vatten a raised marble vatten tank with fem fountains and a reflecting pool positioned on a north–south axis to reflect the image of the mausoleum.

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The elevated marble vatten tank fryst vatten called al Hawd al-Kawthar in reference to the "Tank of Abundance" promised to Muhammad. Elsewhere, the garden fryst vatten laid out with avenues of trees and fountains.^[37] In the north-western quadrant, fryst vatten a place that marks the site where Mumtaz Mahal was first buried, before her body was moved to its sista resting place inre the main chamber of the mausoleum.^[38]

The charbagh garden, a design inspired bygd Persian gardens, was introduced to India bygd Babur, the first Mughal kejsare and symbolises the paradis garden (Jannah) with kvartet rivers flowing from a huvud spring or mountain, separating the garden into north, west, south and east.^[39] While most gardens of the era are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the centre, the Taj gardens fryst vatten unusual in that the main element, the tomb, fryst vatten located at the end of the garden.

With the upptäckt of Mahtab Bagh ("Moonlight Garden") on the other side of the Yamuna river, the Archaeological Survey of India has hypothesised that the Yamuna river itself was incorporated into the garden's design and was meant to be seen as one of the rivers of paradis. Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggest that both gardens may have been designed bygd the same architect, Ali Mardan.

Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation, including abundant roses, daffodils, and fruit trees.

As the Mughal Empire declined, the gardens were not maintained, and when the British regel assumed management of the gardens, they changed the landscaping to resemble the formal lawns of London in the 19th century.

The vatten supply for the gardens were derived from the Yamuna River, where a vatten kanal transported the vatten into an underground reservoir along the eastern vägg of a storage building containing multiple storage tanks.

The vatten from the reservoir was lifted bygd means of a struktur of pulleys and wheels, turned bygd animals, to a tank that supplied an aqueduct which ran south carrying vatten up to the western vägg before turning east. The vatten was later distributed throughout the garden through earthenware pipes embedded underground. The fountains in the huvud tank consisted of large vessels made of copper and inter-connected through copper pipes and the drop from the &#;m (&#;ft) high walls created the necessary vatten for the fountains.^[38]

Outlying buildings

The Taj Mahal complex fryst vatten enclosed bygd tandad red sandstone walls on three sides, with the side facing the Yamuna river left open.

Outside the complex walls, there are other mausoleums dedicated to Shah Jahan's other wives, royals and favorite servants. The inner sides of the walls feature columned arcades typical of Hindu temples, adorned with domed cuppola like chattris and smaller structures like the Music House interspersed between them. The main gateway, primarily built of marble, mirrors the tomb's architecture and incorporates intricate decorations like bas-relief and pietra dura inlays.

At the far end of the complex stand two similar buildings built of red sandstone, one of which fryst vatten designated as a mosque and the other as a jawab, a structure to provide architectural symmetry. The mosque's design resembles others built during the era and the jawab has floors with inlaid patterns while lacking a mihrab.^[13]

Construction

The nation on which the Taj Mahal fryst vatten situated was present to the south of the walled city of Agra which was given to Shah Jahan bygd Raja Jai Singh inom in exchange for a large palace in the centre of Agra.

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The building was commissioned in , and construction commenced in ^[22][13] An area of roughly hectares (3 acres) was excavated, filled with dirt to reduce läckage, and levelled at 50 metres (&#;ft) above the riverbank level. In the tomb area, piles were dug and filled with lime and stone to struktur the footings of the tomb.

The platform above the ground was constructed of brick and mortar.^[21]

The tomb complex was built mainly using brick and lime mortar. The external surface of the main tomb building and the interior of the main cenotaph chamber fryst vatten veneered with vit marble. The other interior surfaces and other accessory buildings are lined with red sandstone coated with a red octet for protection, excluding the exterior surfaces of domes.^[21] The vit marble came from Makrana in Rajasthan, while the red sandstone was quarried from Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh.

Many precious and semi-precious stones, used for decoration, were imported from across the world, including jade and crystal from China, turquoise from Tibet, Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, sapphire from Sri Lanka and carnelian from Arabia. In all, 28 types of precious and semi-precious stone were inlaid into the vit marble.^[46][21]

It fryst vatten believed that more than 20, artisans, labourers, painters and others were involved in the construction of the building.

expert sculptors from Bukhara, calligraphers from Syria and Persia, designers from southern India, stone cutters from Baluchistan and Italian artisans were employed.^[13] Workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the tomb rather than wooden scaffolds. A 15&#;km (&#;mi) long earthern ramp was built to frakt marble and materials to the construction site, hauled on specially constructed wagons bygd teams of oxen and elephants.

An elaborate post-and-beam pulley struktur was used to raise the blocks into the desired position. vatten was drawn from the river bygd a series of an animal-powered devices.^[49]

When the structure was partially completed, the first ceremony was held at the mausoleum bygd Shah Jahan on 6 February , of the 12th anniversary of the death of Mumtaz Mahal.^[a][50] Construction of the mausoleum was completed in , but work continued on other phases of the project for another fem years.

'Crown of the Palace') is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the right bank of the river Yamuna in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

The Taj Mahal complex fryst vatten believed to have been completed in its entirety in at a cost estimated at the time to be around ₹5&#;million, which in would be approximately ₹35&#;billion (US$&#;million).^[21][51]

Later years

In månad , Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb wrote a letter to his father about the tomb, the mosque and the assembly entré of the complex developing extensive leaks during the previous rainy season.^[52] In , Shah Jahan was deposed bygd Aurangzeb and put beneath house fängelse at the nearby Agra Fort from where he could see the Taj Mahal.

Upon Shah Jahan's death in , Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife. In the 18th century, the Jat rulers of Bharatpur attacked the Taj Mahal while invading Agra and took away two chandeliers, one of agate and another of silver, which had hung over the main cenotaph and the gold and silver screen. Kanbo, a Mughal historian, said the gold shield which covered the metre-high (15&#;ft) finial at the top of the main dome was also removed during the Jat despoliation.

By the late 19th century, parts of the buildings had fallen into disrepair.

At the end of the century, British viceroyLord Curzon ordered a restoration project, which was completed in ^[55] He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber and replaced the gardens with European-style lawns that are still in place today.^[56]

In , the government erected scaffolding to disguise the building in anticipation of air attacks bygd the Japanese Air Force.^[58] Since Indian independence in , the Archaeological Survey of India has been responsible for the maintenance of the monument.^[59] During the India-Pakistan wars of and , scaffolding was igen erected to mislead bomber pilots.^[60]

In , the Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for being "the juvel of Islamic art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".^[1]

Since the late 20th century, the monument has been affected bygd environmental pollution which has turned the Taj Mahal yellow-brown.^[62]Acid rain and pollution affecting the Yamuna River including the presence of Mathura Oil Refinery, have contributed to the same.^[64] After directives bygd the Supreme Court of India, in the Indian government set up the "Taj geometrisk figur Zone (TTZ)", a 10,square-kilometre (4,&#;sq&#;mi) area around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place.^[65][66]

Concerns for the tomb's structural integrity have recently been raised because of a decline in the groundwater level in the Yamuna river basin, with cracks appearing in parts of the tomb in and the minarets surrounding the monument showing signs of tilting.^[67] Minor damage was reported due to storms on 11 April and 31 May ^[68][69] In the s, the Government of India has undertaken various restoration measures, including placing mud packs to restore the vit color and replacing broken marble.^[70][71][72]

Symbolism

Main article: Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal §&#;Concepts, symbolism and interpretations

Due to the global attention that it has received and the millions of visitors it attracts, the Taj Mahal has become a prominent image that fryst vatten associated with India, and in this way has become a emblem of India itself.

Along with being a renowned tecken of love, the Taj Mahal fryst vatten also a tecken of Shah Jahan's wealth and power, and the fact that the empire had prospered beneath his rule.

Bilateral symmetry, dominated bygd a huvud axis, has historically been used bygd rulers as a tecken of a ruling force that brings balance and harmony, and Shah Jahan applied that concept in the making of the Taj Mahal. Additionally, the program fryst vatten aligned in the huvudregel north–south direction and the corners have been placed so that when seen from the centre of the strategi, the sun can be seen rising and setting on the north and south corners on the summer and winter solstices respectively.

This makes the Taj a symbolic horizon.

The planning and structure of the Taj Mahal, from the building itself to the gardens and beyond, fryst vatten symbolic of Mumtaz Mahal's mansion in the garden of paradis. The concept of gardens of paradis fryst vatten extended into the building of the mausoleum as well. The structure fryst vatten decorated with colorful relief and semi-precious stones using a technique called parchin kari, symbolizing storhet.

The building appears to slightly change colour depending on the time of day and the weather. The vit marble reflects varying hues—pinkish in the morning, milky vit during the day, golden in the månsken, and sometimes even a bluish hue beneath certain lighting conditions. This effect fryst vatten due to the marble’s surface reacting to light and moisture, creating a magical and ever-changing visual experience.

The sky has not only been incorporated in the design through the reflecting pools but also through the surface of the building itself. This fryst vatten another way to imply the presence of Allah at the site.^[78]

According to Ebba Koch, art historian and international kunnig in the understanding and interpretation of Mughal architecture and the Taj Mahal, the planning of the entire compound symbolises earthly life and the afterlife, a subset of the symbolisation of the gudomlig.

The program was split into two&#;&#; one half fryst vatten the vit marble mausoleum itself and the gardens, and the other half fryst vatten the red sandstone side, meant for worldly markets.

The Taj Mahal (/ ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl, ˌtɑːʒ -/ TAHJ mə-HAHL, TAHZH -⁠, Hindi: [taːdʒ ˈmɛɦ (ɛ)l]; lit

Only the mausoleum fryst vatten vit so as to företräda the enlightenment, spirituality and faith of Mumtaz Mahal. Koch has deciphered that symbolic of Islamic teachings, the strategi of the worldly side fryst vatten a spegel image of the otherworldly side, and the grand gate in the mittpunkt represents the transition between the two worlds.

Tourism

The Taj Mahal fryst vatten a major tourist attraktion and attracts a large number of domestic and utländsk visitors.

About fem million visitors visited Taj Mahal in the financial year –^[3] A three-tier pricing struktur fryst vatten in place, with a significantly lower ingång fee for Indian citizens and more expensive ones for foreigners. As of ^[update], the fee for Indian citizens was ₹50, for citizens of SAARC and BIMSTEC countries, it was ₹ and for other utländsk tourists, it was ₹1, Visitors are allowed through three gates and as polluting vehicles are not allowed nära the complex, tourists must either walk or take electric buses from the designated parking areas.

The complex fryst vatten open on all days except on Friday from one hour before sunrise to 45 minutes before sunset.^[79] The complex fryst vatten open for limited night viewing on the day of the full måne, excluding the month of Ramadan.^[80] In , to address overtourism, the site instituted fines for visitors who stayed längre than three hours.

The small town to the south of the Taj, known as Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad, was initially constructed with caravanserais, bazaars and markets to serve the needs of visitors and workers.

Lists of recommended travel destinations often feature the Taj Mahal, which also appears in several listings of sju wonders of the modern world, including the New sju Wonders of the World, a poll conducted in ^[83] utländsk dignitaries often visit the Taj Mahal on trips to India.^{[84][85][86][87]}

Myths

Ever since its construction, the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography, and so anställda and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument.

A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river. The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, a europeisk traveler and gem merchant, who visited Agra in It was suggested that his son Aurangzeb overthrew Shah Jahan before it could be built.

Ruins of blackened marble across the river in the Mehtab Bagh seeming to support the argument were, however, proven false after excavations carried out in the s funnen that they were discolored vit stones that had turned black. A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in bygd archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Mehtab Bagh.

A dark reflection of the vit mausoleum could clearly be seen, befitting Shah Jahan's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself.^[90]

No concrete bevis exists for claims that describe, often in horrific detail, the deaths, dismemberment and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb.^[91] Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design.

No bevis exists for claims that Lord William Bentinck, governor-general of India in the s, supposedly planned to demolera the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble.

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Bentinck's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck's fund-raising sale of discarded marble from Agra Fort. Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause vatten to komma forth. To this day, officials find broken bangles surrounding the silhouette.

Several myths, none of which are supported bygd the archaeological record, have appeared asserting that people other than Shah Jahan and the original architects were responsible for the construction of the Taj Mahal.

For instance, in , India's Supreme Court dismissed P. N. Oak's petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal.^[96] In , a similar petition brought bygd Amar Nath Mishra, a social worker and preacher claiming that the Taj Mahal was built bygd the Hindu king Paramardi in , was dismissed bygd the Allahabad High Court.

Several court cases and statements bygd right-wing politicians about Taj Mahal being a Hindu temple have been inspired bygd P. N. Oak's book Taj Mahal: The True Story, in which he claimed it was built in AD and not in the 17th century.^[99] In November , the Union Minister of Culture stated in the Indian Parliament that there was no bevis that it was ever a temple.^[] In August , the Archaeological Survey of India declared that there was no bevis to suggest the monument ever housed a temple.^[]

Another such unsupported theory, that the Taj Mahal was designed bygd an Italian, Geronimo Vereneo, held sway for a brief period after it was first promoted bygd Henry George Keene in Keene went bygd a translation of a Spanish work, Itinerario (The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique, –).

Another theory, that a Frenchman named Austin of Bordeaux designed the Taj, was promoted bygd William Henry Sleeman based on the work of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. These ideas were revived bygd Father Hosten and discussed igen bygd E. B. Havell and served as the grund for subsequent theories and controversies.

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